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Part 1: Introduction 1 Bossou: 33 Years Part 2: History and Ecology 2 Location and Ecology 3 The Demography and Reproductive Parameters of Bossou Chimpanzees 4 The ªPrehistory” Before 1976: Looking Back on Three Decades of Research on Bossou Chimpanzees 5 The Chimpanzees of West Africa: From ªMan-Like Beast” to ªOur Endangered Cousin” Part 3: Culture: Tool manufacture and use 6 The Tool Repertoire of Bossou Chimpanzees 7 Stone Tools for Nut-Cracking 8 Use of Leaves for Drinking Water 9 Ant-Dipping: How Ants have Shed Light on Culture 10 Pestle-Pounding Behavior: The Key to the Coexistence of Humans and Chimpanzees 11 Algae Scooping Remains a Puzzle 12 Ant Fishing in Trees: Invention and Modification of a New Tool-Use Behavior 13 Log Doll: Pretence in Wild Chimpanzees 14 Animal Toying Part 4: Stone tool use: Observation and experiments 15 Extensive Surveys of Chimpanzee Stone Tools: From the Telescope to the Magnifying Glass 16 Field Experiments of Tool-Use 17 Clues to Culture? The Coula- and Panda-Nut Experiments 18 From Handling Stones and Nuts to Tool-Use 19 The Emergence of Stone-Tool Use in Captive Chimpanzees 20 A Gibsonian Motor Analysis of the Nut-Cracking Technique 21 Education by Master-Apprenticeship Part 5: Social life and Social intelligence 22 The Crop-Raiders of the Sacred Hill 23 Behavioral Flexibility and Division of Roles in Chimpanzee Road-Crossing 24 Play Behaviors Involving the Use of Objects in Young Chimpanzees at Bossou.-25 Chimpanzee Mothers Carry the Mummified Remains of Their Dead Infants: Three Case Reports from Bossou 26 Comparison of Social Behaviors Part 6: Adjacent Communities 27 The Chimpanzees of Yealé, Nimba 28 Chimpanzees in the Seringbara Region of the Nimba Mountains 29 Chimpanzees in the Eastern Part of the Nimba Mountains Biosphere Reserve: Gouéla II and Déré Forest 30 Diécké Forest, Guinea: Delvinginto Chimpanzee Behavior Using Stone Tool Surveys 31 From Bossou to the Forests of Liberia Part 7: Conservation 32 The 2003 Epidemic of a Flu-Like Respiratory Disease at Bossou 33 Microclimate and Moving Pattern 34 Genetic Variation in the Chimpanzees of Bossou and Nimba 35 Intestinal Bacteria in Chimpanzees in Bossou: A Preliminary Study of Their Nutritional Implication 36 Health Monitoring 37 Green Corridor Project: Planting Trees in the Savanna Between Bossou and Nimba 38 Environmental Education and Community Development in and Around Bossou 39 Conservation Issues in the Nimba Mountains 40 Chimpanzees in Guinea and in West Africa

The chimpanzees of Bossou in Guinea, West Africa, form a unique community which displays an exceptional array of tool use behaviors and behavioral adaptations to coexistence with humans. This community of Pan troglodytes verus has contributed more than three decades of data to the field of cultural primatology, especially chimpanzees’ flexible use of stones to crack open nuts and of perishable tools during foraging activities. The book highlights the special contribution of the long-term research at Bossou and more recent studies in surrounding areas, particularly in the Nimba Mountains and the forest of Diécké, to our understanding of wild chimpanzees’ tool use, cognitive development, lithic technology and culture. This compilation of research principally strives to uncover the complexity of the mind and behavioral flexibility of our closest living relatives. This work also reveals the necessity for ongoing efforts to conserve chimpanzees in the region. Chimpanzees have shed more light on our evolutionary origins than any other extant species in the world, yet their numbers in the wild are rapidly declining. In that sense, the Bossou chimpanzees and their neighbors clearly embody an invaluable cultural heritage for humanity as a whole. Readers can enjoy video clips illustrating unique behaviors of Bossou chimpanzees, in an exclusive DVD accompanying the hardcover or at a dedicated website described in the softcover.

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